I-Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)

Isingeniso

Esikhathini lapho ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki sekudlulele kwaba yinhlekelele yemvelo yomhlaba wonke, ukufuna ezinye izindlela ezisimeme, ezingabolikala kubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili. Unyaka ngamunye, izigidi zamathani emfucumfucu yepulasitiki zigcwala olwandle, indawo ezungezile, nezindawo zasemadolobheni, kube usongo ekuphileni kwasolwandle, izilwane zasemhlabeni, ngisho nempilo yabantu. Ngalesi simo esibucayi, umphakathi wesayensi ubuhlola ngentshiseko ama-biopolymers - izinto eziphilayo ezingagcini nje ngokuhambisana nokuguquguquka kwepulasitiki kodwa futhi ezihlonipha isigqi semvelo. Phakathi kwalokhu,I-Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) igqame, imemezela inkathi entsha yezinto zokwakha ezihlanganisa kahle insiza nokusimama.

Ukuqonda i-Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)

Njengoba sifuna ezinye izindlela ezihlukile kumapulasitiki endabuko, i-primer yesayensi ngemuva kwalezi zinto ezintsha zingasisiza ukuthi siwazise amandla azo. Ngakho-ke, iyini ngempela i-Polyhydroxyalkanoates?

Yini i-PHA?

I-Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) ama-polyester enziwa ngokwemvelo. Ehlanganiswe amagciwane amaningi njengohlobo lwamandla nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni, lezi zinto zifana kakhulu namapulasitiki amaningi okwenziwa esiwajwayele, kokubili ngokubukeka nokusebenza.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwemvelo

Ama-microorganisms adlala indima ebalulekile emhlabeni we-PHA. Emvelweni, amabhaktheriya amaningi akhiqiza lawa ma-polyester lapho ezithola esendaweni enensada yekhabhoni kodwa entula ezinye izakhamzimba ezibalulekile. Empeleni, bagcina izikhathi ezithambile, njengoba nje nezilwane zingagcina amafutha.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-PHA

Nakuba sivame ukubhekisela ku-PHA ebunyeni, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi akuyona into elingana konke. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zama-PHA, ngayinye enezici ezihlukile:

I-Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB): Enye yama-PHA afundwe kakhulu. Yize ikhombisa izinto eziningi ezenza amapulasitiki aguquguquke, ubuqhwaga bawo buholele ekuhloleni ezinye izinhlobo.
I-Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV): I-copolymer ehlanganisa ama-monomer ahlukene. I-PHBV igcina izimfanelo eziningi ezifiselekayo ze-PHB kodwa ivumelana nezimo, iyenze ifanelekele uhla olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza.
Nokunye okuningi, ngayinye inesethi yayo yezakhiwo kanye nezicelo ezingase zibe khona.

Inqubo Yokukhiqiza

Ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla amangalisayo e-PHA njengendlela esimeme kumapulasitiki omdabu, ukuqonda ukukhiqizwa kwawo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ake sihlukanise ukuthi le biopolymer isuka kanjani ezitokisini eziyisisekelo iye kumkhiqizo oqediwe.

Izinketho ze-Feedstock

Ubuhle be-PHA busekusebenziseni kwayo izinto ezihlukahlukene ekuqaleni komjikelezo wayo wokuphila. Ama-PHA angathathwa emalini amaningi okuphakelayo:

Oshukela: Ngokuvamile kutholakala ezitshalweni ezinjengomoba noma ummbila, lezi zisebenza njengemithombo eyinhloko yekhabhoni yezinto eziphilayo ezikhiqiza i-PHA.
Amafutha Ezitshalo: Lezi zinto ezinamafutha zingabuye zigaywe amabhaktheriya athile ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-polymer adingekayo.
Imfucumfucu: Ukuqhubekela ekusimameni kwangempela, kunentshisekelo ekhulayo yokusebenzisa izinto ezilahlwayo, njengamafutha okupheka asesebenzile noma ngisho namanzi angcolile, njengemithombo yokudla.

I-Microbial Fermentation

Lapho isitokwe sokudla esifanele sesikhethiwe, umlingo wokukhiqiza uqala:

Ukukhethwa kwe-Microorganism: Amabhaktheriya ahlukene anobudlelwane bokudla okuhlukahlukene futhi akhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-PHA. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha okulungile kubalulekile.
Izimo Zokukhula: Amagciwane akhuliswa kuma-bioreactors, lapho izimo ezifana nezinga lokushisa, i-pH, nokutholakala kwezakhi kulawulwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqizwa kwe-PHA.
Ukungeniswa Kwengcindezi: Ukuze kwandiswe okuqukethwe kwe-PHA ngaphakathi kwamaseli ebhaktheriya, izingcindezi ezithile (njengokuncishwa izakhi) ziyasetshenziswa, okwenza ama-microorganisms akhiqize futhi agcine i-PHA eyengeziwe.

Ukukhipha kanye Nokuhlanzwa

Ngemuva kokuvutshelwa, inselele ukubuyisa i-PHA kumaseli ebhaktheriya:

Ukuvunwa kwamaseli: Uma ukuvutshelwa sekuphelile, amaseli ebhaktheriya ahlukaniswa noketshezi olusele kusetshenziswa i-centrifugation noma ukuhlunga.
Isizinda se-PHA: Amaseli avuniwe enza izinqubo zokuwavula, akhiphe i-PHA. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zifaka ukukhishwa kwe-solvent noma ukuphazamiseka kwemishini.
Ukuhlanzwa: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-PHA ingeyekhwalithi ephezulu, ukungcola, okuhlanganisa amagciwane ayinsalela, izinyibilikisi, noma okunye ukungcola, kuyasuswa.

Ukuhlanganisa Inqubo Yokukhiqiza

Into ephawulekayo nge-PHA ukuguquguquka kwayo nezimo. Ngokulungisa izimo zokukhiqiza ama-microbial noma ngisho nokwethula izinguquko zofuzo ezinhlobonhlobo zebhaktheriya, izici ze-PHA eziwumphumela zingalungiswa ukuze zivumelane nezimfuneko ezithile.

*Ukubuka kwe-Microscopic ye-bacteria synthesizing Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)*

Izinzuzo Zokusebenzisa i-PHA

Njengoba ingxoxo mayelana nezinto ezisimeme iba nomfutho, kubalulekile ukuqonda izinzuzo ezibambekayo ezenza i-PHA ibe phambili endaweni yama-biopolymers. Ake sikhanyise ngezinzuzo eziningi ezilethwa lawa ma-polyester ayingqayizivele etafuleni.

I-Biodegradability

Ngokuphikisana, inzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu yama-PHA ukubola kwawo okungokwemvelo:

Ukuvumelana Kwemvelo: Ngokungafani namapulastiki endabuko aphikelela kumvelo amakhulu kuya ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, ama-PHA angehlukaniswa uhla olubanzi lwezinto eziphilayo ezikhona kuma-ecosystem ahlukahlukene, kusukela enhlabathini kuye emanzini ahlanzekile kuya ezindaweni zasolwandle.
Ukungcola Kwepulasitiki Okuncishisiwe: Ngobuningi bamapulasitiki ake akhiqizwa asekhona ngendlela ethile namuhla, i-PHA inikeza isisombululo esingenayo le nkinga yemvelo ekhula njalo.

Izinsiza Ezivuselelekayo

Imvelaphi ye-PHA ihluke kakhulu kumapulasitiki asuselwa ku-petrochemical:

I-Feedstocks esekelwe ezitshalweni: Kususelwa ezinsizeni ezivuselelekayo njengoshukela namafutha ezitshalo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-PHA kungaba okuzinzile ngokwemvelo, ikakhulukazi uma kutholwe ngokuzibophezela.
Imfucuza-kuya-Ingcebo: Amandla okusebenzisa imifudlana yemfucuza njenge-feedstock kubeka i-PHA njengomlweli womnotho oyindilinga, ukuguqula izinto ezilahlwayo zibe imikhiqizo enezezelwe.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwezakhiwo

Umndeni ohlukene we-PHA uqinisekisa ukuthi akuyona nje iponi yeqhinga elilodwa:

Ukusebenza Okufanisiwe: Njengoba sifundile ngaphambilini, ngokulungisa amapharamitha okukhiqiza noma ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zebhaktheriya, ama-PHA angakhiwa ukuze abe nezakhiwo ezithile, ukusuka ekuguquguqukeni kuye ekubeni sobala kuye emandleni.
Inhlanganisela kanye nenhlanganisela: I-PHA ingaxutshwa namanye ama-polymer noma iqiniswe ngemicu ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zayo noma ukufeza izici ezithile ezifanele ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene.

Iphephile Ukusetshenziswa Kwezokwelapha

Olunye unqenqema oluyingqayizivele i-PHA enamapulasitiki amaningi wendabuko ukuhambisana kwayo kwezinto eziphilayo:

Ukusungulwa Kwezokwelapha: Njengoba isebenzisana ne-biocompatible futhi i-biodegradable, i-PHA ithole izinhlelo zokusebenza emkhakheni wezokwelapha, njengama-sutures ancibilika ngokwemvelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi noma amasistimu okulethwa kwezidakamizwa.

Izicelo ze-PHA

Ngohlu lwayo oluqinile lwezinzuzo, akumangazi ukuthi i-PHA idweba i-niche emikhakheni eminingi. Kusukela ekudleni esikudlayo kuya ezimpahleni esizigqokayo, ake sihlole isimo esibanzi sezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-PHA.

Ukupakisha

Emhlabeni ocwila kumapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, i-PHA inikeza umoya ohlanzekile:

I-Biodegradable Wraps: I-PHA ingacutshungulwa ibe amafilimu amancane afanele ukusonga ukudla nokupakishwa. Cabanga nje uthenga isemishi eligoqwe ngepulasitiki okuthi uma selilahliwe libole ngokwemvelo!
Amabhodlela neziqukathi: Ngaphandle kokusonga nje, i-PHA inamandla okuguqula ukupakishwa kweziphuzo neminye imikhiqizo, inikeze enye indlela ebolayo ngempela yamabhodlela e-PET.

Ezolimo

Abalimi, nabo, bangathola izinzuzo zale biopolymer:

Amafilimu e-Mulch: Esikhundleni se-mulch yepulasitiki evamile okufanele isuswe futhi ngokuvamile igcina ingcolile, amafilimu e-PHA-based mulch angahlakulelwa ngqo emhlabathini ngemva kokuvuna, lapho ewohloka khona.
Izivundisi Ezilawulwayo Zokukhipha: I-Ecapsulating fertilizer ku-PHA ivumela ukukhululwa kancane kwezakhi. Njengoba i-PHA incipha, umanyolo utholakala ezitshalweni.

Inkambu Yezokwelapha

Umshado wesayensi yezokwelapha kanye nezinto zokwakha uveze ezinye zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezijabulisa kakhulu ze-PHA:

Ama-Sutures: Khohlwa ngohambo lwesibili lokuya kudokotela ukuze ukhishwe umthungo. I-PHA sutures iyancibilika ngokwemvelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inciphisa ingozi yesibazi kanye nokutheleleka.
Amasistimu Wokulethwa Kwezidakamizwa: Ama-microsphere e-PHA angasungulwa ukuze alethe izidakamizwa isikhathi eside noma kumasayithi ahlosiwe, okungenzeka athuthukise imiphumela yokwelapha nokuthobela isiguli.

Izimpahla Zabathengi

Imikhiqizo yansuku zonke nayo ithola ukuthinta kwe-PHA:

Amathoyizi: Cabanga ngamathoyizi okuthi, uma ephukile noma engasafunwa, angafakwa umquba. I-PHA yenza lokhu kwenzeke.
Izitsha: Kusukela ezimfolokoni kuya ezitshalweni, izinto ezisetshenziswa kanye nje ezenziwe nge-PHA azihlali amakhulu eminyaka ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza.

Izinselele Nezixazululo

Nakuba i-PHA ithembisa ikusasa lezinto ezisimeme, uhambo oluya ekuthathweni okukhulu alunazo izithiyo. Ukubhekana ngqo nalezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuvuleni ngempela amandla ale biopolymer.

Izindleko Zokukhiqiza

Mhlawumbe isithiyo esibaluleke kakhulu ekuthathweni okusabalele kwe-PHA:

Inselele: Okwamanje, ukukhiqiza i-PHA kungase kubize kakhulu kunokukhiqiza amapulasitiki endabuko, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezindleko ezihlobene ne-feedstock kanye nobunzima bokuvutshelwa kwe-microbial.
Isixazululo: Abacwaningi bahlola izinketho ezishibhile ze-feedstock, bathuthukise izinqubo zokukhiqiza, futhi basebenzise ubunjiniyela bofuzo ukuze bakhulise isivuno. Njengoba ukukhiqizwa kukhuphuka, umnotho wesilinganiso nawo ungasiza ekunciphiseni izindleko.

Ukukhuphula kanye Nokuthengisa

Ukusuka kumalebhu kuye ezimakethe zomhlaba:

Inselele: Ukukala kusuka ekukhiqizweni kwebhentshi kuya kumanani ezimboni akuyona into encane. Kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, ingqalasizinda, kanye nobuchwepheshe.
Isixazululo: Imizamo yokubambisana phakathi kwezemfundo, izimboni, nohulumeni ingavala igebe. Ubambiswano oluphakathi komphakathi nezizimele, ukutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni, kanye nokugqugquzela inqubomgomo kungadlala indima ebalulekile.

Izinto ezibonakalayo

Ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zemakethe ezahlukahlukene:

Inselele: Nakuba i-PHA inikeza ububanzi bezakhiwo, ayifani ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokuqondile nezici zokusebenza kwamanye amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kakhulu.
Isixazululo: Ukuhlanganisa ama-PHA namanye ama-biopolymer noma izithasiselo, ukucwenga inqubo yokukhiqiza, noma ukudala izinhlanganisela kungasiza ukushuna kahle izakhiwo zento ebalulekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza.

Ukuqwashisa Ngezimakethe Nokwemukelwa

Ukushintsha imibono nemikhuba:

Inselele: Ngaphandle kwezinzuzo zayo, abathengi abaningi nezimboni bahlala bengayazi i-PHA noma bayangabaza ukushintsha ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo ezizanyiwe neziyiqiniso.
Isixazululo: Imikhankaso yezemfundo, ukulebula okusobala, kanye nokukhombisa izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphumelelayo ze-PHA kungashintsha umbono womphakathi. Ukusebenzisana namabhrendi anethonya nakho kungaqhuba ukwamukelwa kwemakethe.

Ukuphathwa Kokuphela Kokuphila

Ukuqinisekisa isithembiso se-biodegradability:

Inselele: Nakuba i-PHA ibola, izinga layo lokubola lingahluka ngokuya ngezimo zemvelo. Kuphinde kube nobungozi bokuziphatha kokulahla udoti uma abantu becabanga ukuthi kuzokwehlisa isithunzi noma kuphi.
Isixazululo: Imfundo yomphakathi mayelana nokulahlwa okufanele ibalulekile. Ukwengeza, ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yokwenza umquba kanye namazinga wezinto ezibolayo kungaqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ye-PHA ihlukaniswa ngempumelelo ngemva kokusetshenziswa.

Imithelela Ebanzi Yokwamukela I-PHA

Njenganoma yiluphi ushintsho olushintshayo, ukushintshela ku-PHA kuletha imithelela efinyelela kude edlula ukushintshwa kwezinto. Le mithelela idlulela ezizindeni zezemvelo, ezomnotho, nezokuhlalisana kwabantu, ibumba ipharadigm entsha yokuthi sisebenzisana kanjani nezinto ezibalulekile ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.

Imithelela Yemvelo

Kwehlisiwe Ukuncika Kwezibaseli Zamafutha: Ukuqhela kumapulasitiki asuselwa ku-petrochemical kusho ukuthembela kancane kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, nazo zonke izindleko ezihambisana nazo zemvelo, kusukela ekukhishweni kuya kwezokuthutha.
I-Lower Carbon Footprint: Ukukhiqiza i-PHA, ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa imifudlana yemfucuza noma izindlela zokuthatha i-carbon, kungaholela ekushiseni kwekhabhoni ephansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namapulasitiki omdabu.
Ukunciphisa Ukungcola Kwepulasitiki: Ukubola okungokwemvelo kwe-PHA kusho izingcezu zepulasitiki ezimbalwa eziqhubekayo olwandle, imifula, nezindawo zethu. Lokhu kunemiphumela emihle ye-cascading ku-ecosystem kanye nezilwane zasendle.

Imithelela Yezomnotho

Ukwakhiwa Kwemisebenzi Eluhlaza: Njengoba imboni ye-PHA ikhula, kuzoba kanjalo nesidingo semisebenzi ku-biotechnology, ezolimo (yezimpahla zokudla), kanye nokukhiqizwa nokuklama kwemikhiqizo ye-PHA.
I-Market Dynamics: Njengoba abathengi beqaphela kakhulu imvelo, amabhrendi amukela ukupakishwa kwe-biodegradable noma imikhiqizo ingase izuze umkhawulo wokuncintisana. Lokhu kungabumba kabusha abaholi bemakethe nokwethembeka kwemikhiqizo.
I-stimulus for Research and Innovation: Izinselele namandla e-PHA kungaholela ekwenyukeni kwezimali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni, kuqhubekisele phambili intuthuko kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe.

Ukuchaza kabusha 'Ukulahlwa': Nge-PHA, izinto ezike zabonwa njenge “Kulahle” manje ingabukwa nge-lens yomnotho oyindilinga, ilungisa kabusha izindinganiso zomphakathi mayelana nokusetshenziswa nokumosha.
Ukuqwashisa kanye Nemfundo: Indaba ye-PHA—indlela etholakala ngayo, izinzuzo zayo, kanye nesiphetho sayo sokuphila—ingasebenza njengethuluzi lokufundisa, iqwashise mayelana nokukhetha okusimeme kanye nomthelela wako.
Amandla Okukhiqizwa Kwendawo: Uma kubhekwa izinketho ezihlukene zesitoko kanye namandla okukhiqizwa kwe-PHA esezingeni elincane, imiphakathi emhlabeni wonke ingase isebenzise izinsiza zendawo ukuze ikhiqize eyayo ipulasitiki, ikhuthaze ukuzimela kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zemvelo zokuthutha.

Isiphetho

Njengoba simi empambanweni yezinselelo zemvelo kanye nokusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, i-PHA ivela njengesibani sethemba emkhakheni wezinto ezisimeme. Kepha kungaphezu nje kwepulasitiki ebolayo — kuwuphawu lokushintsha kwepharadigm isintu esilungele ukulenza.

Kusukela kumvelaphi yayo emincane kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwayo okukhulu, i-PHA ihlanganisa izimiso zomhlaba lapho kungadingeki sibeke engcupheni izinto ezilula zesimanje ngenxa yemvelo. Ukwamukelwa kwayo kungasiholela emnothweni oyindilinga lapho imfucuza iyinsalela yesikhathi esidlule futhi ukusimama kugxilile ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke.

Nokho, njenganoma yiluphi uhambo olushintshayo, izinselele ziseza. Akukhona nje ngokukhiqiza i-biopolymer; imayelana nokushintsha imiqondo, ukulungisa kabusha izimboni, kanye nokukhuthaza ukusebenzisana emikhakheni yonke nemingcele. Idinga abathengi abafuna uguquko, izimboni ezithatha izinyathelo ezinesibindi, kanye nabenzi benqubomgomo abahlinzeka ngezinhlaka ezidingekayo.

Ekugcineni, indaba ye-PHA akuyona nje isayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo. Iwukulandisa kwethemba, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nesenzo esiyiqoqo. Njengoba sidlulela emhlabeni ongancikile kangako kumapulastiki endabuko, asitholi nje kuphela izixazululo ezindabeni ezicindezelayo zezemvelo kodwa futhi sichaza kabusha ubudlelwano bethu neplanethi.