Iipolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)

Intshayelelo

Kwixesha apho ungcoliseko lweplastiki luye lwakhula lwaba yintlekele yokusingqongileyo yehlabathi, ukufuna iindlela ezizinzileyo nezinokonakala kwebhayoloji kubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili. Nyaka ngamnye, izigidi zeetoni zenkunkuma zeplastiki ziphuphuma kwiilwandlekazi zethu, kwimihlaba yethu, nakwimimandla yasezidolophini, nto leyo ebeka isoyikiso kubomi baselwandle, kwizilwanyana zasemhlabeni nakwimpilo yabantu. Ngeli xesha lobunzima, uluntu lwezenzululwazi luphonononga ngokuzimisela ii-biopolymers-izinto eziphilayo ezingahambelaniyo nokuguquguquka kweeplastiki kodwa zikwahlonipha nesingqi sendalo. Phakathi kwezi,Iipolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) zigqame, zixela ixesha elitsha lemathiriyeli edibanisa kakuhle into eluncedo nozinzo.

Ukuqonda iPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)

Njengoko sifuna ezinye iiplastiki zemveli, i-primer kwisayensi emva kwezi zixhobo zenoveli inokusinceda sixabise amandla azo. Ke, yintoni kanye kanye iPolyhydroxyalkanoates?

Yintoni i-PHA?

Iipolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) iipolyester zendalo. Idityaniswe ziibhaktheriya ezininzi njengohlobo lwamandla kunye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni, ezi zixhobo zifana ngokumangalisayo neeplastiki ezininzi zokwenziwa esiziqhelileyo, kokubini ngenkangeleko kunye nomsebenzi.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwendalo

Ii-Microorganisms zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwihlabathi le-PHA. Ngokwendalo, iibhaktheriya ezininzi zivelisa ezi polyester xa zizifumana zikwindawo enentaphane yekhabhoni kodwa indlala yezinye izondlo ezibalulekileyo. Ngokwenyani, bagcina amaxesha amanqatha, njengoko izilwanyana zinokugcina amanqatha.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-PHA

Ngelixa sihlala sibhekisa kwi-PHA kwisinye, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ayisiyonto ilingana nayo yonke into. Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zee-PHA, nganye ineempawu ezizodwa:

I-Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB): Enye yezona PHAs zifundwe kakhulu. Nangona ibonisa ezininzi iipropathi ezenza iiplastiki ziguquguquke, ukunyanzeliswa kwayo kuye kwakhokelela ekuhlolisweni kwezinye iindidi.
I-Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV): I-copolymer edibanisa iimonomers ezahlukeneyo. I-PHBV igcina uninzi lweempawu ezinqwenelekayo ze-PHB kodwa ibhetyebhetye ngakumbi, iyenze ilungele uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo.
Kwaye ezininzi ezingakumbi, nganye ineseti yayo yeepropati kunye nezicelo ezinokubakho.

Inkqubo yeMveliso

Ukusebenzisa amandla amangalisayo e-PHA njengenye indlela ezinzileyo kwiiplastiki zemveli, ukuqonda ukuveliswa kwayo kubaluleke kakhulu. Makhe sihlalutye indlela le biopolymer ehamba ngayo ukusuka kwisondlo esisisiseko ukuya kwimveliso egqityiweyo.

Iinketho zeFeedstock

Ubuhle be-PHA bulele ekuguquguqukeni kwayo ekuqaleni kobomi bayo. Ii-PHAs zinokuthathwa kubuninzi bezitokhwe zokutya:

Iiswekile: Idla ngokufunyanwa kwizityalo ezifana nommoba okanye umbona, ezi zisebenza njengemithombo ephambili yekhabhoni yeemicroorganisms ezivelisa i-PHA.
IiOyile zezityalo: Ezi zinto zinamafutha zisenokuthi zifakwe kwi-metabolism yibhaktheriya ethile ukuvelisa iipholima ezifunwayo.
Imijelo yeNkunkuma: Ukuqhubela phambili ekuzinzeni kokwenyani, kukho umdla okhulayo wokusebenzisa izinto ezilahlwayo, njengeoyile yokupheka esele isetyenzisiwe okanye namanzi amdaka, njengezondlo.

Ukuvutshelwa kweMicrobial

Nje ukuba kukhethwe isitokhwe esifanelekileyo sokutya, umlingo wemveliso uqala:

Ukukhethwa kweMicroorganism: Iibhaktheriya ezahlukeneyo zinee-affinities kwi-feedstocks ezahlukeneyo kwaye zivelise iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-PHA. Ngoko ke, ukukhetha okulungileyo kubalulekile.
Iimeko Zokukhula: Iibhaktheriya zikhuliswa kwi-bioreactors, apho iimeko ezifana nobushushu, i-pH, kunye nokufumaneka kwezondlo zilawulwa ngokucokisekileyo ukuze kulungiswe imveliso ye-PHA.
Ukungeniswa koxinzelelo: Ukwandisa umxholo we-PHA ngaphakathi kweeseli zebhaktheriya, uxinzelelo oluthile (njengokunqongophala kwezondlo) lusetyenziswa, lubangela ukuba i-microorganisms ivelise kwaye igcine i-PHA ngaphezulu.

Ukutsalwa kunye nokuCocwa

Emva kokubiliswa, umngeni kukubuyisela i-PHA kwiiseli zebhaktiriya:

Ukuvunwa kweeseli: Emva kokuba ukubilisa kugqityiwe, iiseli zebhaktheriya ziyahlukaniswa kulwelo oluseleyo kusetyenziswa i-centrifugation okanye ifiltration.
Ukutsalwa kwe-PHA: Iiseli ezivuniweyo ziqhuba iinkqubo zokuziqhawula zivuleke, zikhupha i-PHA. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukutsalwa kwe-solvent okanye ukuphazamiseka komatshini.
Ukusulungekiswa: Ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-PHA iphezulu, ukungcola, kubandakanywa ibhaktheriya eseleyo, i-solvents, okanye ezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, ziyasuswa.

Ukulungelelanisa iNkqubo yeMveliso

Into ephawulekayo malunga ne-PHA kukuguquguquka kwayo. Ngokuguqula iimeko zokuvelisa i-microbial okanye ukwazisa ukuguqulwa kofuzo kwiintlobo zebhaktheriya, iipropati ze-PHA ezibangelwayo zinokulungelelaniswa ukuze zilungele iimfuno ezithile.

*Umbono we-Microscopic yebhaktiriya edibanisa i-Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)*

Iingenelo zokusebenzisa i-PHA

Njengoko incoko ejikeleze izinto ezizinzileyo ifumana amandla, kubalulekile ukuqonda iingenelo ezibonakalayo ezenza i-PHA ibe ngumphambili kwindawo ye-biopolymers. Makhe sikhanyise ngeenzuzo ezininzi eziziswa zezi polyester zikhethekileyo etafileni.

I-Biodegradability

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, olona ncedo lubalulekileyo lwe-PHAs kukubola kwabo okungokwemvelo:

Ukuvisisana kokusingqongileyo: Ngokungafaniyo neeplastiki zemveli eziqhubekayo kwindalo engqongileyo kumakhulu ukuya kumawaka eminyaka, ii-PHAs zinokwahlulwa luluhlu olubanzi lwee-microorganisms ezikhoyo kwi-ikhosistim eyohlukeneyo, ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya kumanzi ahlaziyekileyo ukuya kwindawo yaselwandle.
UkuNcitshiswa kwePlastiki yoNgcoliseko: Ngobuninzi beeplastiki eziye zaveliswa zisekho ngendlela ethile namhlanje, i-PHA inikeza isisombululo esingenalo igalelo kulo mbandela okhulayo wokusingqongileyo.

Izibonelelo eziVuselelwayo

Imvelaphi ye-PHA yahluke kakhulu kwiiplastiki zepetrochemical-derived:

Ii-Feedstocks ezisekelwe kwizityalo: Ithathwe kwimithombo ehlaziyiweyo efana neswekile kunye namafutha ezityalo, imveliso ye-PHA inokugcinwa ngokuzinzileyo, ngakumbi ukuba ifunyenwe ngokufanelekileyo.
Inkunkuma-to-Ubutyebi: Ubunakho bokusebenzisa imijelo yenkunkuma njenge-feedstock ibeka i-PHA njengentshatsheli yoqoqosho olujikelezayo, ukuguqula imathiriyeli yenkunkuma ibe yimveliso eyongeziweyo.

Ukuguquguquka kweePropati

Usapho olwahlukeneyo lwe-PHA luqinisekisa ukuba ayisiyoponi yeqhinga elinye:

Ukusebenza okulungiselelweyo: Njengoko sifundile ngaphambili, ngokulungelelanisa iiparamitha zemveliso okanye ukusebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zebhaktheriya, ii-PHAs zinokuyilwa ukuba zibe neepropati ezithile, ukusuka ekuguquguqukeni ukuya elubala ukuya emandleni.
Imixube kunye neMidibaniso: I-PHA inokudibaniswa nezinye iipolymers okanye iqiniswe ngeefibers zokuphucula iimpawu zayo okanye ukufezekisa iimpawu ezithile ezifanelekileyo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.

Ikhuselekile kusetyenziso lwezonyango

Omnye wemiphetho eyodwa i-PHA ineeplastiki ezininzi zemveli kukuhambelana kwayo kwezinto eziphilayo:

Izinto ezintsha zoNyango: Ukuba yi-biocompatible kunye ne-biodegradable, i-PHA ifumene izicelo kwintsimi yezonyango, njenge-sutures echithwa ngokwemvelo ngexesha okanye iinkqubo zokuhanjiswa kweziyobisi.

Usetyenziso lwe-PHA

Ngoluhlu lwayo oluqinileyo lwezibonelelo, akumangalisi ukuba i-PHA ikrola i-niche kumacandelo amaninzi. Ukusuka ekutyeni esikutyayo ukuya kwiimpahla esizinxibayo, makhe siphonononge indawo ebanzi yezicelo ze-PHA.

Ukupakishwa

Kwihlabathi elitshona kwiiplastiki ezisetyenziswa kanye, i-PHA inika umoya omtsha:

I-Biodegradable Wraps: I-PHA inokucutshungulwa kwiifilimu ezincinci ezilungele ukutya kunye nokupakishwa. Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni uthenga isangweji esongelwe ngeplastiki ethi, yakuba ilahliwe, ibole ngokwemvelo!
Iibhotile kunye nezikhongozeli: Ngaphaya kokusonga nje, i-PHA inamandla okuguqula ukupakishwa kweziselo kunye nezinye iimveliso, inikezela ngenye indlela ene-biodegradable ngokwenene kwiibhotile ze-PET.

Ezolimo

Abalimi, nabo, banokuvuna izibonelelo zale biopolymer:

Iifilimu zeMulch: Endaweni yesigcina-kufuma seplastiki esiqhelekileyo ekufuneka sisusiwe kwaye sihlala siphela njengenkunkuma, iifilimu zesigcina-kufuma esekwe kwi-PHA zinokuhlakulelwa ngqo emhlabeni emva kokuvuna, apho zithi ziwohloke.
Izichumisi eziLawulwayo zokuKhupha: Ukufakela izichumisi kwi-PHA kuvumela ukukhutshwa okucothayo kwezondlo. Njengoko i-PHA ithotywa, isichumisi sifumaneka kwizityalo.

Intsimi yezonyango

Umtshato wamayeza kunye nesayensi yezixhobo uvelise ezona zicelo zimnandi ze-PHA:

Sutures: Ulibale ngohambo lwesibini oluya kwagqirha ukuze kukhutshwe imithungo. I-PHA sutures iyancibilika ngokwendalo ngokuhamba kwexesha, inciphisa umngcipheko wokukrala kunye nosulelo.
Iinkqubo zokuhanjiswa kweziyobisi: I-PHA microspheres inokuqulunqwa ukuhambisa izidakamizwa kwixesha elide okanye kwiindawo ezijoliswe kuzo, ezinokuthi ziphucule iziphumo zonyango kunye nokuthotyelwa kwesigulane.

Impahla zomthengi

Iimveliso zemihla ngemihla zikwafumana i-PHA touch:

Izinto zokudlala: Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wezinto zokudlala ezithi, xa zaphukile okanye zingasafunwa, zinokuvundiswa. I-PHA yenza oku kwenzeke.
Izitya: Ukusuka kwiifolokhwe ukuya kwiindiza, izinto ezisetyenziswa kanye ezenziwe nge-PHA azihlali iinkulungwane kwiitiphu.

Imingeni kunye nezisombululo

Ngelixa i-PHA ithembisa ikamva lezinto ezizinzileyo, uhambo oluya kulwamkelo olukhulu alukho ngaphandle kwemiqobo yalo. Ukujongana nale miceli mngeni ngokuthe ngqo kubalulekile ekuvuleni ngokwenene amandla ale biopolymer.

Iindleko zeMveliso

Mhlawumbi esona sithintelo sibalulekileyo sokwamkelwa kwe-PHA ngokubanzi:

Umngeni: Okwangoku, ukuvelisa i-PHA kunokubiza kakhulu kunokuvelisa iiplastiki zendabuko, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yeendleko ezinxulumene ne-feedstock kunye nobunzima bokuvutshelwa kwe-microbial.
Isisombululo: Abaphandi baphonononga iindlela ezishibhile ze-feedstock, baphucula iinkqubo zemveliso, kunye nokuxhasa ubunjineli bemfuza ukonyusa izivuno. Njengoko imveliso isonyuka, uqoqosho lwesikali nalo lunokunceda ukunciphisa iindleko.

Ukunyusa kunye noRhwebo

Ukusuka kwiilebhu ukuya kwiimarike zehlabathi:

Umngeni: Ukukala ukusuka kwimveliso yebhentshi ukuya kwimizi-mveliso ayiyonto encinci. Ifuna utyalo-mali olukhulu, iziseko zophuhliso, kunye nobuchule.
Isisombululo: Iinzame zentsebenziswano phakathi kwezifundiswa, ishishini, kunye noorhulumente zinokuvala umsantsa. Intsebenziswano phakathi kukarhulumente namashishini abucala, utyalo-mali kuphando nophuhliso, kunye nenkuthazo yomgaqo-nkqubo inokudlala indima ebalulekileyo.

Iimpahla zeMathiriyeli

Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zemarike:

Umngeni: Ngelixa i-PHA inikeza uluhlu lweempawu, ayisoloko ihambelana ngokuthe ngqo neempawu zokusebenza kwezinye iiplastiki ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
Isisombululo: Ukudibanisa i-PHAs kunye nezinye i-biopolymers okanye izongezo, ukucokisa inkqubo yokuvelisa, okanye ukudala i-composites kunokunceda ukulungiswa kwezinto eziphathekayo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zesicelo.

Ukwazisa ngeMarike kunye noKwamkeleka

Ukutshintsha iingcamango kunye nemikhwa:

Umngeni: Nangona izibonelelo zayo, abaninzi abathengi kunye namashishini bahlala bengazi nge-PHA okanye bayathandabuza ukutshintsha kwizinto ezizamayo kunye nenyaniso.
Isisombululo: Amaphulo emfundo, ukuleyibhile okucacileyo, kunye nokubonisa ngempumelelo izicelo ze-PHA kunokutshintsha imbono yoluntu. Ukusebenzisana neempawu ezinempembelelo nako kunokuqhuba ukwamkelwa kweemarike.

Ulawulo lokuphela koBomi

Ukuqinisekisa isithembiso se-biodegradability:

Umngeni: Nangona i-PHA i-biodegradable, izinga layo lokubola lingahluka ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo. Kukwakho nomngcipheko wokuziphatha kokulahla inkunkuma ukuba abantu bacinga ukuba kuya kuthotywa ngokukhawuleza naphi na.
Isisombululo: Imfundo yoluntu malunga nokulahlwa okufanelekileyo ngundoqo. Ukongeza, ukuphuhlisa iziseko zokwenziwa komgquba kunye nemigangatho yezinto eziguquguqukayo ze-biodegradable zingaqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ze-PHA zichithwa ngokufanelekileyo emva kokusetyenziswa.

Iimpembelelo eziBanzi zoKwamkela i-PHA

Njengalo naluphi na utshintsho lwenguqu, ukutshintshela kwi-PHA kuzisa iimpembelelo ezifikelela kude ezinabela ngaphaya kokutshintsha nje izinto. Ezi mpembelelo zithatha indawo yokusingqongileyo, ezoqoqosho, kunye nezentlalo, zibumba iparadigm entsha yendlela esisebenzisana ngayo nezinto kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.

Iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo

UkuNcitshiswa kweFossil Fuel Ukuxhomekeka: Ukushenxa kwiiplastiki zepetrochemical-derived kuthetha ukuthembela okuncinci kumafutha efosili, kunye nazo zonke iindleko ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo, ukusuka ekutsalweni ukuya kwezothutho.
Unyawo lweKhabhoni esezantsi: Ukuvelisa i-PHA, ngakumbi xa usebenzisa imijelo yenkunkuma okanye iindlela zokuhluthwa kwekhabhoni, kunokubangela ukuba kubekho i-carbon footprint ephantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neeplastiki zendabuko.
Ukunciphisa Ungcoliseko lwePlastiki: Ukonakaliswa kwendalo kwe-PHA kuthetha amaqhekeza eplastiki ambalwa aqhubekayo kulwandle lwethu, emilanjeni, nakwimbonakalo yomhlaba. Oku kuneziphumo ezilungileyo zokwehla kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nezilwanyana zasendle.

Iimpembelelo kuQoqosho

Ukudalwa kweMisebenzi yeGreen: Njengoko ishishini le-PHA likhula, kuya kuba njalo nemfuno yemisebenzi kwi-biotechnology, ezolimo (kwi-feedstocks), kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso ye-PHA kunye noyilo.
I-Market Dynamics: Njengoko abathengi besiya beqaphela ngakumbi indalo esingqongileyo, iibrendi ezamkela ukupakishwa kwebhayoloji okanye iimveliso zinokufumana ukhuphiswano. Oku kunokubumba ngokutsha iinkokeli zentengiso kunye nokuthembeka kwebrendi.
Uvuselelo loPhando kunye noTshintsho: Imingeni kunye nezinto ezinokwenzeka ze-PHA zingakhokelela ekunyuseni kwenkxaso-mali kuphando kunye nophuhliso, ukuqhuba ukuqhubela phambili kwenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe.

Ukuchaza kwakhona 'Ukulahlwa': Nge-PHA, izinto ezikhe zabonwa njenge “Lahla ngaphandle” ngoku inokujongwa ngelensi yoqoqosho olujikelezayo, ilungisa ngokutsha iinqobo zoluntu malunga nosetyenziso kunye nenkunkuma.
Ukwazisa kunye neMfundo: Ibali le-PHA-indlela elivela ngayo, izibonelelo zalo, kunye nokuphela kobomi-linokusebenza njengesixhobo sokufundisa, ukuphakamisa ulwazi malunga nokukhetha okuzinzileyo kunye neempembelelo zabo.
Ukubakho kwiMveliso yeNdawo: Ngokunikezelwa kweenketho zesondlo esahlukileyo kunye nokubanakho kwemveliso ye-PHA encinci, uluntu kwihlabathi jikelele lungasebenzisa izixhobo zasekhaya ukuvelisa i-bioplastics yabo, ukukhuthaza ukuzimela kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokusingqongileyo zothutho.

Ukuqukumbela

Njengoko simi ekudibaneni kwemingeni yokusingqongileyo kunye nokutsha kwezobuchwepheshe, i-PHA ivela njengebhakana yethemba kummandla wezinto ezizinzileyo. Kodwa ingaphezulu nje kweplastiki enokubola-luphawu lokutshintsha kweparadigm eluntwini olulungele ukuyenza.

Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo ye-microbial ukuya kwi-application yayo enkulu, i-PHA ifaka i-ethos yehlabathi apho kunganyanzelekanga ukuba sibeke esichengeni izinto eziluncedo zale mihla ngenxa yokusingqongileyo. Ukwamkelwa kwayo kunokusikhokelela kuqoqosho olujikelezayo apho inkunkuma iyintsalela yexesha elidlulileyo kwaye uzinzo luzinze kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.

Nangona kunjalo, njengalo naluphi na uhambo lwenguqu, imiceli mngeni iseza. Akunjalo nje malunga nokuvelisa i-biopolymer; imalunga nokutshintsha iingqondo, ukulungisa amashishini, kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano kumacandelo kunye nemida. Ifuna abathengi abafuna utshintsho, amashishini athatha amanyathelo anesibindi, kunye nabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo ababonelela ngezikhokelo eziyimfuneko.

Ekugqibeleni, ibali le-PHA alikho nje isayensi yezinto eziphathekayo. Libali lethemba, into entsha, kunye nentshukumo edibeneyo. Njengoko siguqukela kwihlabathi elingaxhomekekanga kangako kwiiplastiki zemveli, asifumani zisombululo kuphela kuxinzelelo lwemiba yokusingqongileyo kodwa sikwachaza ngokutsha ubudlelwane bethu neplanethi.